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بشمهندس رضوان ممكن اطلب منك طلب لو سمحت
مطلوب منى بحث فى (geothermal exploration)
عن uses
وstmation
,calculation
,instruments
وياريت تساعدنى فيه ويكون جاهز النهرده قبل بكره بعد اذنك.

اوكي يا جيوستار
هجيبلك الموضوع النهارده
بس الموضوع انا اللي هكتبه
فانا بكتب notes بس لكن مفهومه ، يعني انا بجد مبحبش اكتب كلام كتير
عموما انا هكتبلك ولو لقيت اي مشكله اسالني

ادعيلي بس الكهرباء ما تقطعش ولا النت يقطع

tempreture increase with depth , know this information from boreholes and mines , that suggest that earth enterior is more warm

the out flow of earth heat is from the earth to the surface through hot springs,geysers,volcanoes,radioactive decays

worldwide studies of geothermal heat flow give information about the geologic features thermal conditions,like rifts,subduction margins,intraplatezones

geothermal was very important because of energy crisis to displace the use of oil

the main aspects of geothermal is the study of heat flow and tempreture distribution with depth ,exploration of geothermal reservoir and resources

as know in geophysics ,search for anomaly ,we search for tempreture anomaly


and used in

infer the position of structures like anyiclines ,salt domes ,faults ,fissures

tempreture measurments used in boreholes to detect fluid flow and lithologies boundary, that marked by sharp contrast of thermal conductivity

used sure in exploation of radioacyive minerals

thermal conductivity k

how heat flow transfer through materials
the rate at which the heat energy will across unit area under the deriving potential to gradient perpendicular to area

thermal conductivity = heat flow rate × distance / (area × temperature difference





observation indicate that earth thermal conductivity is low ,the dialy variation is hardly felt on one meter depth ,the sea seasonal tempreture changes detected

thermal diffusivity

K*=k/(denisty*specific heat of constant pressure

k is the thermal conductivity
the velocity of thermal wave in rocks depends on the diffusivity , that determined from the denisty and conductivity and specific heat
the lowest thermal conducivity is for the losse sands of minerals
quartizite and rock salt have high conductivity

andesite 1.35-4.86
basalt 1.12-2.38
diabase 2.1-2.3
gabbro 1.98-3.58
granite 2.3-3.6
rock salt 5.3-7.2
anhydrite 4.89-5.73
limestone 1.3-6.26
shale 1.63-2.51
sandstone 2.5-3.2
ice 2.2
water 0.6
wet clay .8-1.5
wet sand 1.1-2.1

these values is in W/m*cs

low cost method to determine near surface tempretures ,tempreture is measured in 2-5 meter depth in holes
the measurment and correction is have to take into account some distributing effects caused by factor like

variation in surface albedo
soil diffusivity
slope and exposure of terrain
level of ground water

هتكلم عنهم بعد شويه

the sensor probe that used is thermistor
can used in measuring the tempreture of beneath the snow cover

sensitive method
snow melt used in geysers to indicate the surface area of slight elevated tempreture ,color photography taken at suitible intervals after light to moderate snow fall made the anomolus area visible ,because the snow melt faster over the thermal anomaly

airborne thermal infrared ,used to map location of water and hot springs ,use infrared scanner ,the tempreture is controlled large by thermal enertia of near surface materials ,survey to know about the near surface materials
used also to locate submarine springs ,the salinity and tempreture is thr indicators for submarine

the amount of heat Q is related to thermal conductivity k of rock materials and tempreture gradient
Q=-k grad t
grad t is inrease in tempreture ,nagatize sign because the increase in tempreture is with depth and heat flow is upword the earth

haet flow is small so measured in microwatt/m^2

determination of heat flow required two separate measurment
maesurment of tempreture gradient grad t
measurment of thermal conductivity by drill cores


these measurment is much simple to done in sea floor more
than land , at ocean bottom ,tempreture of water is stable , so ,there is no need to drill deep holes that required on land to minimize the effects of seasonal and long term variations in structure tempreture


heat flow mapping is one of geothermal techniques ,to know the anomaly of subsurface

tectonics & heat flow

the most active tectonics regions show highest heat flow values and most stable region show less values

alps mountains show heat flow of 100 milli watt/m^2
come from volcanic tectonics
these sources is very deep come from the magma that cause volcanics
heat flow increase also with radioactive crustal layers

the thermal conductivity of rocks &lithology
presence of radioactive heat sources
water percolation in fractures and fissures , in fracture rocks, with sufficient vertical permeability ,convection of hot water and vapors may be factor affect thermal gradient

presence of radioactivity

tectonic activity


sorry , i cannot copy this matimatical expression from mathtype propgram

to is the surface tempreture
q heat flow
dz thickness

gradient map help in locate geothermal reservoir

prospecting of ground water ,galcial , alluvial aquifiers , shallow salt domes ,faults , fissures ,tempreture logs

map of fissures and cracks

along fissures convective transfer of heat takes place from depth through the agency of water or gas , in lime stone cavities

location of leackage in pipelines

pipelines used for long distance heating carry hot fluids which affect the soil around pipelines
this cause by heat conduction
depens on the difference between the pipelines and around

ther is three more than these ,talk about tomorrow

بجد يا محمد مش عارف اقول ايه
عجز اللسان عن النطق بالكلام ولك منى التقدير والاحترام
**********

3- tempreture anomalies over waste dumps

detect spots of increasing tempreture with in wastedumps in desposed coal ,the resulting tempreture is plot against map of isotherms
area with tempreture anomaly burn coal layers

4-thermal detections on salt and granite bodies


conductive salt intrusion causes distribance of tempreture of overlying sediments
thermal survey used to delineate salt structure
for this then make correlation between geothermal data and gravity data
also granitr has radioactive minerals that can increase thermal properties


كده الحقيقه انا نقلتلك ملخص الباب اللي بيتكلم عن geothermal
في الكتاب ده
engineering and environmental geophysics

بالنسبه ل uses انا نقلتلك بعض case studies الاربعه الاخيره ، ممكن تفهم منهم ايه هيا تطبيقات geothermal
بالنسبه ل instruments انا نقلتلك شكل المسح لكن الحقيقه معنديش تركيب الاجهزه وفكرتها

واتمني انك تلاقي معلومات غير دي ، واتمني اني تكون معلوماتي ساعدتك

وشكرا يا نجم

اشكرك يا بشمهندس على المساعده الجميله دى منك وربنا